The National Rural Health Mission Health And Social Care Essay

The National Rural Health Mission Health And Social Care Essay The project as a pilot has been introduced in 9 states of the country including Rajasthan where Prayas has been selected as the nodal agency for the implementation of the program. Currently, the pilot project in the state covers 180 villages from the four districts, namely, Alwar, Chittorgarh, Jodhpur and Udaipur (45 villages per district). Three blocks from each district have been identified and from each block three PHCs have been selected. From each PHC 5 villages have been identified, making it 15 villages per block. There are 5 Levels of monitoring committees: Village health and sanitation committee PHC Health monitoring and planning committee Block Health monitoring and planning committee District Health monitoring and planning committee State Health monitoring and planning committee The Composition of monitoring committees is as follows: One-third PRI representatives, One-third health officials, One-third CBO / NGO representatives including non-official delegates from lower committees , Chairperson from Panchayat Executive chairperson Health official Convener from CBO / NGO The main objective of the program is to develop synergy and partnership between the public health service providers and community for regular communication and coordination between them to enable better delivery and utilization of health services. The role of PRAYAS was to mobilize the communities and prepare them to come together, take responsibility and influence decisions. State Nodal Agency assists in implementing the decisions taken at the Community Monitoring Mentoring Team. Arrange for technical and resource support to district/block level NGOs. Support the process of adaptation, translation and publication state level materials/manuals. Supervise community level documentation processes, Maintain documentation of state level processes. Provide progress, process and financial reports and documents to the National Secretariat on a regular basis. Financial support and disbursement to district level and block level processes. Maintain state level accounts. Supervise progress and s upport processes/activities at the district, block and community levels. The role was challenging because of various reasons. Firstly it involved a decisive change in the balance of power, likely to be resisted at various levels of the public health system. Secondly, health officials had to be an active participant in the process but may not be assumed to be its sole and prime mover. Thirdly, it was important that genuine voices from the community get represented in the process. Fourthly, panchayats are major stakeholders but at the same time they often represent the elites of the village. To bring voices of the disadvantaged and marginalized in the forefront was a challenge. Fifthly, community may be disinterested in the beginning due to continuing disappointments from the status quo. The implementation was carried out in various phases: Preparatory phase : Distributing pamphlets to literate people Putting up poster in the common meeting place (e.g. near temples, wells, market place, etc.) , Informal meeting with key people (leaders of CBOs, women leaders, Pradhan, in the village) to get an idea about General layout of the village Different social groups in the village and where they stay, key health problems of the community , key service providers of the area, expense related to health problems, Communities opinion of the existing services and use of government health facilities and service providers. Village meeting to share findings, share NRHM information and facilitate information of VHSC. Sharing the Village health services profile in the village and informing community of NRHM and community monitoring in NRHM Pamphlets and posters and leaving multiple sets behind in the community. Elicit interest from members of the community about formation of village health and sanitation committee. formation and strengthening of Village Health and Sanitation Committees (VHSCs), primary health centers (PHCs), and district and block committees; community level investigation and monitoring involving village health report cards and facility score cards; and Sharing of reports (through public hearings) and planning at the PHC, village, and block levels. The very act of including a local NGO explains the importance of familiarity and identification for community action. The civil society organizations and NGOs for participation in various committees were selected by examining them on their response to a questionnaire which assessed their experience of monitoring public services, organizing public dialogues or public hearings. The selection could also be facilitated by the mentoring team of the respective level, with guidance from the mentoring team of the higher level. The volunteers working with the NGO are usually locals. They know the people, their aspirations and needs. Villagers identify with them and trust the information they give. To bring people together there should be some incentive. Also, there should be both short term and long term benefits to keep the action alive. In this case the short term benefit was the improvement in infrastructure as the government was pouring in money and the long term benefits were many. Impro ved health of the people, increase in power to influence government policies, platform for discussing other developmental issues and so on. They approached it by making it a non zero sum game wherein there is ample for everyone and one person will benefit from the involvement of other. Also everyone was affected by the concerned issue in one way or the other. May be poorest of poor, women and children were affected more due to vulnerability and discrimination but lack of ample heath services creates disadvantage for everyone. For example, snake bites are quite common in villages and non- availability of the required medicine in the nearest PHC may prove fatal. In this case risk is same for everyone. So, it was tried to communicate the need for community monitoring rapidly through meetings, posters and workshops. PRAYAS attempted to spread awareness in a village by flooding their minds with the goodness of the new program. It was a strategy to keep the time period for mobilization ju st 3 days to avoid slackness in the process. This was done to produce a contagion effect, so that people develop an urge to move out of the current situation and take charge. People were given assurances that their participation will be sought in planning of health services, they should help in solving problems faced by health machinery but, at the same time, the villagers would point out any negligence or mistake made by health employees while providing health service, Villagers should also be given information about what action has been taken to avert mistakes pointed out by the villagers to Medical Officer. Since the monitoring will not be efficient without perspective of women and coming into picture, it has been ensured that two out of four members of Block Community Monitoring Facilitation Team will be women. Women are the ones who are most seriously affected by quality of health care due to their reproductive capacity. Strategy: People were made partners in managing public health institutions. If certain infrastructure or services were not properly functional, community representatives were involved in finding solutions. Community representatives were significant role in the day-today functioning of the health services at the local level. People were given clearly defined rights -People should be able to expect and demand basic services in keeping with their needs and expectations. If these rights are not fulfilled, it should be a matter of concern and concerted action for improvement by the public health system and community members. People were given responsibility to regularize health services provided at the village level. People in the village, were encouraged take up responsibility to support activities for vaccination in the village, etc. Community members were provided training to be able to fulfill their responsibilities and realize their rights. Ostrom claims that all efforts to organize collective action, whether by an external ruler, an entrepreneur, or a set of principals who wish to gain collective benefits, must address a common set of problems. These problems are coping with free-riding, solving commitment problems, arranging for the supply of new institutions, and monitoring individual compliance with sets of rules. So, in this case we see government itself wishes to enthuse people to reflect on the quality of health care making government officials, doctors and ASHA workers more committed to their work. Jan Samwad Mobilization capacity building Encouraged participation of stakeholders to express their experiences and concerns. To sustain a collective action it is important to share the information. This was successfully done under this programme. PHC and block level community monitoring exercises included a public dialogue (Jan Samvad) or public hearing (Jan Sunwai) where individual testimonies and assessments by lo cal CBOs/NGOs were presented. These meetings take place once in six months, here individual cases of denial of services are also addressed. In Jan Samvad Chief Medical Officer of the District or her/his representative , Block Medical Officer Member of District Community Monitoring and Planning Committee Members of PRIs in the block , Members of VHSCs , Member of CBOs in the block are present. The monitoring reports are shared at all levels. Once in every 3 months the village health report card is made in a span of 2 days. One member from the VHSC and one panchayat member is nominated for this purpose. Leadership: leadership plays a very important role in gearing up any community action. Good leaders can not only increase the probability of success but can also attract people to join the movement. People take up leadership responsibilities in the initial process of community action to reap leadership benefits like social and political recognition and so on. This is because in initial phase input costs are higher and the probability of success is quite low. Keeping this in mind, the arrangement was such that CBOs/NGOs and Panchayat representatives who had shown leading initiative in organizing community monitoring activities at any level were given representation in the next high-level committees. The committees were created from village to higher levels in sequential order. This was an innovative way to go about implementation of a program. Being leader at the village level came as an alluring option to the people. Capacity building: to ensure effective monitoring it has to be ensured that people are ready for change. For this a lot of measures were taken. Training and enhancing the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to own, control and manage public health services, promoting access to improved healthcare at household level through the female health activist (ASHA), Health Plan for each village through Village Health Committee of the Panchayat, Strengthening existing PHCs and CHCs, and provision of 30-50 bedded CHC per lakh population. Strengthening capacities for data collection, assessment and review for evidence based planning, monitoring and supervision, formulation of transparent policies ,developing capacities for preventive health care at all levels for promoting healthy life styles, reduction in consumption of tobacco and alcohol etc , promoting non-profit sector particularly in under served areas. Another important step was to make people realize that access to good health is their constitutional right and they pay for it. It is the responsibility of the government to give a good life to them. Through the VHSCs, communities also have become empowered to voice their concerns and take action. Communities have become aware about their rights and entitlements .In a number of cases, local health departments responded to problems raised at public hearings and made appropriate changes in their functioning. There has been a change in the way people perceive health services. Earlier, they saw it as a zero sum game , now they are beginning to see it as a public good. This change will help in reducing disadvantages faced by certain sections of the community , which would eventually result in improvements in health and nutrition outcomes. Previously excluded and marginalized groups have started coming in front. An affirmative approach was used to ensure that Dalits(scheduled castes), scheduled tribes, and women were involved and headed the VHSCs. Community monitoring has built stronger relationships between communities and health service providers, as well. Communities have become mor e accommodating and have started understanding constraints of health workers. Overall , this program has lead to decentralization of power. Prayas has played a commendable role acting as a liaison between people and government. Sources: http://www.prayas.org http://www.nrhmcommunityaction.org/pages/states/rajasthan.php   http://www.nagahealth.nic.in

Labor Relations,Employee Relations and Global HR

1. Define Job Stress, Burnout and Depression. Job stress is a type of stress that is work-related.   The pressure at work, the challenges and the obstacles that are facing employees each day can result to negative physical and physiological responses. Burnout is a term used to describe the onset of exhaustion after experiencing long-term stress.   This results from being constantly exposed to stressors at work without getting the system a chance to fully recover from adrenaline surges. Depression is characterized by low mood, lack of interest in usual things that excites the person, and lesser capacity to experience pleasure.   This condition is not alarming when it's not pervasive, otherwise, it becomes a psychiatric problem that needs professional attention. Depression can have serious effects on a person's personal life and work. 2. Explain how you would reduce stress at work. Stress impacts our thoughts, emotions, and behavior in a number of ways.   In the workplace, stress makes a person less productive and difficult to deal with. In order to reduce stress at work, a person has to recognize when he or she is experiencing it.   Some of the symptoms and signs of stress are lack of focus, moodiness, depression, and muscle tension, among others. Once a person accepts that he is experiencing stress, the next step is for him to identify what are stressing him at work.   By knowing the stressors, it will be easier for the person to deal with them.   For instance, if an employee doesn't like his job anymore, he can began scouting for other job opportunities in other companies. In most cases, however, a person does not really know what's stressing him at work.   With all the things he needs to face in the office, it would be confusing for him to exactly point out what are causing him stress.   If this were the case, the first thing that the worker needs to do is to take a break and stop working for a few days.   Distancing himself from the entire organization will give him a breathing space and a chance to slow down.   Vacationing to a warm place where there is sand and sea often does wonder to a tired mind and body. 3. Why you believe this approach would be successful. I believe that taking a long vacation would be successful because many people I have talked to have done this.   They always make it a point to go away for a few days every year in order to de-stress and slow down.   After the vacation, the employee is normally back to his old self, ready to face the daily grind at work. If a person who is constantly stressed at work does not give himself the chance to recover, the most likely thing that will happen to him is to feel burnout in the long run.   Rest and relaxation ensures that a person's mind and body will experience rejuvenation before joining the rat race once more. On another note, when stressors are identified and dealt with, the employee's worries and concerns would probably be over.   Say for example that an employee's co-worker is harassing him.   This attitude is causing the person stress.   So long as he doesn't do anything about it, he would continue to feel violated by the harassment he is receiving.  Ã‚   If he brings it out in the open and talks to the right persons, then the harassment would stop and the harassed person will be able to work more comfortably. References Depression.com Home Page.   Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.depression.com/ â€Å"Preventing Burnout: Signs, Symptoms, and Strategies to Avoid It.† Helpguide.org Home Page. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/burnout_signs_symptoms.htm â€Å"Understanding Stress: Signs, Symptoms, Causes, and Effects.†Ã‚   Helpguide.org Home Page. Retrieved April 15, 2008, from http://www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm      

The Safe Babies Court Team - 1940 Words

Project Abstract The Safe Babies Court Team Zero to Three is seeking a grant to expand the visitation of G.I.F.T. program with the objective of helping families get a better visitation outside of the child welfare agency. Funding in the amount of $20,000 is requested for hiring visitation coaches, training needed for the visitation coaches, interactive activities for the families, books for the children, and expansion to the visitation room. Agency Mission The Safe Babies Court Teams Zero to Three is a national, nonprofit organization that provides parents, professionals, and policy makers, the knowledge and know how to nurture early development. Their mission is to make sure that each baby and toddler has a strong start in life. With the†¦show more content†¦Parents are encourage to take charge during the visits so that they can make it feel like home as much as possible. Empathy helps support families to meet the unique needs of their children. It’s the parents turn to imagine themselves in their child’s shoes. The visit coach and the parents will work together to make sure they take care of the needs of the child every visit. Responsiveness helps families manage the conflict between adult and child needs. Visits are considered to be a positive vibe zone. That means no anger, attitudes, or depression is allowed while the parents are visiting their children. Active parenting just sums up what is expected of the parents during their visits. The visits will be shaped by the attitudes of the parents, their words, and also their actions toward their children. Statement of Need Infants and Toddlers entering foster care are particularly vulnerable. The first three years can provide an unparalleled opportunity for growth or negative side effects with the potential for delays based on their early experiences. Fortunately, their resilience allows those in their paths to mend troubled experiences and support change into a positive direction. Very young children who are removed face an additional danger added by the experience itself, which is separation. The emotional and developmental harm that may come to them is related to how they perceive the reason for the

Sexuality Is A Social Identity That Goes Beyond The...

Sexuality is a social identity that goes beyond the objectivity of the title and into the subjective scope of the personal lives of individuals, which in turn fabricate the social constructivism of a nation. Classism, heterosexism, and cisgenderism are further reinforced within the institutionalization of heteronormativity, being the promotion of the gender binary and heterosexuality as the only valid form of gender expression and sexual orientation. The normalization of this system is not enforced as inconspicuously as one would believe, with both Western and Eastern countries visibly dictating social norms in regards to sexuality, by deeming certain sexual practices as socially acceptable through the sanction of microaggressions and†¦show more content†¦These American words which are typically used to further define and label individuals who do and do not fall within the classifications of heteronormativity are used as the result of there being no cultural explanation and validation for lesbian Thai women. The omittance of a translation for the term â€Å"lesbian† in the Thai language further perpetuates the validation of heteronormativity as the only acceptable form of relationships. The term â€Å"men† being used interchangeably with lesbian demonstrates how in the Thai culture it is assumed and widely agreed that only men would be sexually attracted to women (Sinnott, 2). For Asian women, their sexuality has not only impacted their identity, that identity in itself has created a power structure within each of these countries that has grown to include, but not outwardly accept the sexual practices of marginalized groups of women. In Thailand specifically, it is made known that homosexual behavior does not necessarily lead to an identity, nor does it â€Å"necessarily constitute a distinct transgression of sexual or gender norms†, yet the secularization of queer women leads to class divides, and sociocultural boundaries with the intention of exclusion (Sinnott, 3). 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The Impact of Child Physical Abuse on Academic Achievement...

The Impact of Child Physical Abuse on Academic Achievement and Behavior In modern society, a child’s performance in school is considered an indicator of their abilities to create a successful future. Most children receive the love and support from their parents which contributes to adequate school performance. However, for children who are physically abused, school can add an incredible amount of pressure to an already stressful life. In regards to this paper, the term child physical abuse refers to the intentional acts of injury or harm to a person under the age of 18 by a parent or caregiver. These acts can be caused by and not limited to: hitting, slapping, kicking, stabbing, or burning. Krase (2011) mentions that educators and†¦show more content†¦Buckle et al. (2005) concluded that children experienced child physical abuse were at a great risk for physical health problems. In addition to this, physical abuse can lead to brain damage and mental retardation (p.1042). The risk of brain damage and retardation is astounding because not on ly would this affect a child’s school life, but it would also affect their life as a whole. A child in a mainstream class that suffers brain damage due to a physical abuse incident may be placed in a special education class after the incident. This could be detrimental to their academic success and mental health. Boden, Horwood, and Fergusson (2007) examined the correlation between the child physical abuse and the education achievements later in childhood. Boden et al. (2007) found that due to injuries sustained during the incidents of abuse, physically abused children had lowered reading ability, had lower IQ scores, and did not complete a higher level of education (1111). This study illuminates the fact that the physical abuse not only affects the child at the moment the abuse happens, but has long lasting negative consequences. There is no telling if these children could have completed higher levels of education if they were not physically abused. Children who are victims of child physical abuse will have the bruises, scars, and possible internal injuries to show for it. A study by Naidoo (2000) looked at the differentShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Neglect1612 Words   |  7 PagesAbuse occurs when one person mistreats or misuses other people, showing no care for their health or acknowledging them as a human being. People who abuse others manage to manipulate their victims into submission or make them comply at their will. Children who are abused are more likely to have mental health problems than children who are abused. More than likely, the children who are abused tend to struggle academically, but does abuse really hinder a child’s academic career? 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These outrageously large numbers reveal the extent to which child abuse and neglect impact society; however, they do not acknowledge the effect abuse can have on a childâ€℠¢s life and the repercussions that may occur in both the individual’s childhoodRead MoreThe Relationship Between Peer Victimization And Academic Achievement1354 Words   |  6 PagesI have been reading about the relationship between peer victimization (bullying, cyberbullying, and/or other types of abuse) and academic achievement. By design, I chose studies that were each focused on a participant groups of a different age. Gaining a deeper understanding of these potential connections would be valuable to anyone involved in creating positive environments where children and teens can learn and thrive. 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Cafs Half Yearly Notes Free Essays

CAFS HALF YEARLY NOTES * Parenting Caring Becoming Parents and Carers: Parenting: The process of raising and nurturing children in a family Caring: The process of looking after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness and/or disability Biological parents: The parent who has provided the genetic material, either sperm or ovum, to create a foetus. Pregnancy Planned Pregnancy: Planned pregnancies involve a strategic choice on when to parent * There are physical, emotional and economic impacts that result form this decision * A planned pregnancy is generally better for both the parents and child Unplanned Pregnancy: * May result from poor knowledge about contraception or the fertility cycle or failure with contraception methods * Become pregnant due to a consequence of tragic circumstances such as rape Assisted reproductive technologies: * In-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and gamete intra-fallopian transfer (GIFT) are examples of assisted reproductive technologies . This means assistance in terms of expertise and technology is used to aid conception. We will write a custom essay sample on Cafs Half Yearly Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Social Parents: Many individuals have parenting responsibilities towards a child with whom they do not share a genetic relationship. Adoption: * Adoption is the process by which legal responsibility of parenting of a child is given to a family or parent other than the biological parent. There are 3 types of adoption: 1. The child is already placed with prospective parents, such as a step-parent 2. Local adoption overseas adoption . Adoption of a child with special needs Legal Implications: * Adoption Act 2000 (NSW) Family Law Act 1975 (Commonwealth) * All legal rights and responsibilities are transferred from the birth parents to the adoptive parents * The change in parenting is permanent, so the birth parent loses all rights to the child. They may maintain the right to information and contact * The adoptive parents must be either married or in a de-facto relationship; or the step-parent must have lived with the child for 2 years or more Social Implications: * Society’s changing attitudes has resulted in fewer adoptions, due to greater acceptance of single mothers the use of the contraceptive pill * Decision of telling the child that he or she is adopted can be distressing to adoptive parents * The child must overcome feelings of rejection by birth parents * Adoptive child verses the biological child acceptance if the parents have other children Fostering: Fostering provides an alternative living arrangement for children whose parents are temporarily unable to care for them in their family * The caregivers are volunteers who are paid a fortnightly allowance to help them meet the needs of the child * Foster care can range from a few days to a few years and includes: * Temporary care, * Respite care * Pre-adoptive foster care * Long term care * A child must be put into foster care if: * They are considered to be at risk of harm Their basic physical and emotional needs are not being met * There may be risk of ab use or exposure to domestic violence Legal Implications: * Foster care is regulated by legislation, such as Children and Young Persons (Care and Protection) Act 1998 (NSW) * Any person fostering children who is not related to them must have a licence to foster. In NSW a license is issued by the Department of Community Services about various parenting issues * The foster carer make medical decisions or take legal proceedings on behalf of the child Social Implications: Carers must encourage contact with the young persons birth family and accept that he or she will most likely return to their birth family * 30% of foster children have been abused in their biological family * Problems between biological family and the foster child may force the foster family to take a restraining order Step Parenting: * When a man or woman married or forms a de-facto relationship with a partner, who has a child or children from previous relationships, they become a step-parent * New family members need to be accepted, roles and responsibilities must be shared Legal Implications: A step parent has no legal responsibility towards the child * A step-parent who has acted as parent to a child for a long time, and who is now being divorced from the biological parent, may have visitation rights if judge decides that is best for the child’s interests * If a child is adopted by a step parent, rights and inheritance from biological parents are lost Social Implications: Community perception often holds that an intact original nuclear family is superior to any variety of blended family; a stepfamily may be seen as ‘deficient’ form of a nuclear family * Conflict can occur between the child and step parent, primary relationships and responsibilities become a blur * Partners may have different visions of family life and parenting styles that may need to be discussed * Poor relationships with step parents are recognised as a significant factor in causing young people to leave home, with unresolved family issues Surrogacy: * An arrangement made between a couple who cannot have a baby and a woman who gets pregnant on the couples behalf. The child is handed to the couple after delivery * A woman may need a surrogate If she is: * Infertile * Suffers from a serious medical condition * Uncontrollable diabetes * Cardiomyopathy * Moderate renal failure Surrogacy often means IVF treatment as the surrogate mother may use donor ova or sperm or the partners own egg sperm * The infertile couple must apply to adopt the child to be listed on the birth certificate as the child’s legal parents * The court must get consent from the surrogate mother to give up parental rights Legal Implications: * Surrogacy is legally a ‘grey’ area in NSW, it is neither prohibited or encouraged * Very specific criteria needs to be established for both parties based on a honour agreement that is not legally binding * Payment cannot be made Social Implications: * The surrogate mother may have an ongoing attachment to the baby after giving birth * If the surrogate mother goes back on the agreement, there may be great disappointment between the parties * Community accepted may be mixed, as surrogacy isn’t a widely accepted practice * Surrogacy is very costly and may affect the parents economically * Social parents may change their mind and leave the baby with the surrogate mother who may not have the adequate resources or family support Carer Relationships: Carers are people who look after the needs and wellbeing of another person due to their age, illness and/or disability. Carers may be paid or unpaid. Many circumstances may be planned and lead to a person requiring care, these included: * A planned pregnancy * Adoption or fostering * Grand parenting * Looking after an aged parent Some circumstances may be unplanned and are unexpected and thus afford fewer preparations: * An unplanned pregnancy * Grand parenting * Health problems * Accident * Birth abnormalities When the caring role has been planned, decision-making will most likely be difficult-especially during initial stages * Both planned and unplanned care may require the primary carer to reallocate household roles Voluntary Carers: * Voluntary carers are unpaid, they are regularly family members (parents, partners, siblings, friends or children) * Carers may undertake the caring role for a few hours a week or all day everyday * Some carers are eligible for government benefits * Voluntary carers are often women, with 71% of primary carers 54% of all carers in Australia being women Paid Carers: Paid carers undertake the role of caring as a form of employment and therefore receive financial payment * Types of paid carers can include: * Family day carer * Nanny * Doctor * Foster carer * Teacher * Nurse * Palliative carer Managing Parenting and Caring Responsibilities: * With effective management strategies, a person is more likely to be able to achieve goals * Physical, social, emotional and economic changes will need to occur during preparations for becoming a parent or carer Physical preparations: Biological Parenting: * Optimise physical health before conception and during pregnancy * Maintain a healthy, balanced diet and develop awareness of special needs during pregnancy * No use of alcohol or tobacco and other drugs * Participate in regular exercise * Attend regular paternal courses to learn about physical and emotional needs during pregnancy and birth * Attend regular appointments with a general practitioner to monitor the baby’s growth and development and undertake ultra sounds and other tests Social Parenting: The physical preparations for social parenting are often similar to the first 4 points of biological parenting Caring: * Participate in regular exercise to maintain optimum physical emotional health * Maintain a healthy, balanced diet to ensure physical needs are met as caring can place a strain on wellbeing * Practise safe lifting skills to assist with the mobility needs of the dependent * Practise how to give an injection or use an oxygen mask * Investig ate and install physical aids in the home, such as railings and ramps Social preparations: Biological Parenting: * Attend prenatal classes to meet others in the same situation- these friendships may continue after delivery * Investigate child friendly social activities in the local area * Locate parenting groups in the community * Organise baby free-time with partner Social Parenting: * Develop relationships with other parents, such as through child’s sport and recreational activities * Locate parenting groups in the local community * Arrange child-free time with partner to develop and maintain own relationship Caring: * Enlist the support of family members Identify necessary support groups, such as carers of people with dementia or cancer * Be aware of support groups, that cater for cultural and language differences * Let close friends know about the situation Emotional preparations: Biological Parenting: * Discuss moods and emotions with partner, family friends * Investigate and practice relationship techniques Social Parenting: * Discuss the concerns, fears and thoughts with the partner and other parents to identify with others and gain insight into possible actions and solutions * Recognise if help is required from a formal or informal support network Caring: Enlist in a support group to deal with varied emotions * Make friends with others in a similar situation-often carers lose touch with family and friends * Grieve for changed personal situation but be aware of potential for depression and sources of help Economic preparations: Biological Parenting: * Plan for financial management; prepare and stick to a budget * Analyse and adjust finances, such as mortgage payments * Investigate maternity and paternity leave and provisions in the workplace * Investigate payments from Centrelink Social Parenting: * These actions are similar to the ones above Caring: Plan for financial management; prepare and stick to a budget * Analyse and adjust finances, such as mortgage payments * Investigate leave provisions in the workplace Factors influencing re source management in the caring relationship: * The values and goals of parents and carers within relationships, such as families, provide the incentive for management and will therefore impact decision-making * Age, skills capabilities and special needs of the dependent will influence both the resources identified by the parent or the carer and the strategies selected to effectively manage their parenting or caring role Age: The age and maturity of the dependent will determine the level of care required * If a child has a disability or illness, it may not be possible to leave them on their own at any time * An aged person may not require care just because they are elderly Skills Capabilities: * Once the dependent has developed a variety of personal skills and capabilities, it will be possible for he or she to contribute to the relationship and management resources * Skills may need to be interchanged or substituted Special Needs: * Special needs can refer to those of the dependent or the carer and can affect what services are needed either temporarily or permanent * Modifications mays be needed for housing in the form of ramps and railings * The parent may have the special needs and the young person is responsible to act as a carer * Services such as Centrelink payments may be required Resources: * The resources that require management and prioritisation most often are time, energy, finance and housing. Access to services such as support networks is vital * Negotiating and using these resources can lead to difficulties in the caring relationship Time: * The personal care of dependents, such as feeding and washing * Developing close relationships * Communicating and sharing activities * Personal pursuits (transporting children to sports training) Energy: * Feeding, changing and playing with infants * Transporting adolescents to leisure activities Shopping and providing house maintenance for an a ged parent * Feeding and lifting a child, such as one with a cerebral palsy Finance: * Finance is required to access many other resources required for parenting and caring such as material goods and formal support networks * Circumstances of the dependent relationship will determine the demands on finances Housing: * Suitable housing is required to meet the needs of the dependent and carer * The family home may require modification Other housing choices can include a hostel or nursing home Access to Services: * Educational: schools and pre schools * Health: doctors, hospitals, early childhood centres * Homecare assistance: Meals on Wheels, home care * Recreational: libraries, sporting clubs and dance groups * Financial: Centrelink * Housing: Department of Housing, nursing homes and hostels, Ronald McDonald houses * Transport: community transport, maxi-taxis * Spiritual: church, synagogues, mosques Management strategies: The actions that will assist when the management of a specific situation is required * Strategies may be utilised together to achieve the desired goal: * Management decisions involve the use of resources to achieve goals * The two most important factors that affect decision-making are the values of the family and the resources available to them * Values determine that goals will be set and resources determine how well the goals will be achieved * Management strategies that are a starting point for action as the need to be applied to situations that are in need of managing: * Identifying values Setting and prioritising goals * Establishing standards * Identifying resources and using them wisely * Maintaining a positive attitude * Encouraging cooperation * Aiming to have flexible attitudes when necessary * Sharing role allocation * Having effective time management * Developing sound planning procedures * Establishing routines * Using a problem-solving approach Recognising ‘change’ not whether it is good or bad Parenting and caring re lationships: Roles in Parenting and caring: * A variety of people play a role of parenting and caring within society. This role is associated with meeting the needs and wellbeing of the individual in care, as well as modelling behaviour that is acceptable to the wider society. Individuals and groups who adopt roles: Parents: Biological and social parents play an important role, the importance of providing love, support and encouragement as well as providing physical needs * Overtime the parenting role is increasingly shared between parents compared to the past as the female taking responsibility of the care of the child at home * Non- custodial parent: the one who may have the child visit on the weekends and holidays parents (divorced/separated parents) Grandparents: * Child-rearing: passing on family traditions and culture * Children develop special affection for and interest in their grandparents * Increase emotional wellbeing, self-esteem, self-confidence * Grandparents may meet the needs of family members by assisting in childcare for their grandchildren * Valuable in providing economic, social emotional support Relatives, including siblings: Members form extended family can provide support to parents by being alternative role models meaning for sporting activities or leisure * Many adolescents take on responsibility for younger siblings baby sitting, transport, cooking Teachers, including childcare staff: * Physical needs providing play activities and encouraging a balanced diet * Intellectual needs teaching skills and knowledge * Social needs providing encouragement and support in learning to work ith others, following school rules and resolving conflict * Cultural needs teaching children about the culture in which the way th ey live, history traditions * Emotional needs developing self-esteem of students through recognition and rewards, as well as teaching resilience and coping skills * Spiritual needs some schools a particular faith is taught and students have the opportunity for prayer, worship and fellowship Paid Carers: The most convenient and expensive form of childcare is a nanny, the child can develop a bond with parents are constantly absent * Carers provide assistance to the aged, chronically ill or disabled Homecare helping with cooking and housework Significant others: * Doctor can provide immunisation and treat illnesses within children or assist with mental health issues * Neighbours and friends may provide practical assistance or occasional care for children if parent needs to run an errand * Social workers improve the socio-emotional wellbeing of a child or dependent by explaining the situation. The assist with the child, dependent, parent or carer to develop strategies to deal with hard situations Significance of gender roles and parenting: * The mothers roles was originally: nurturing and feeding while the father was the provider and the disciplinarian * It has dramatically changed. E. g. fathers can receive paternity leave, to allow the bonding process with his child to begin earlier. Men also participate in more tasks at home to make sure the household functions correctly * Discipline and financial providers are seen as more shared responsibilities in contemporary families Factors influencing parenting and caring relationships: Age: * Age of parents and carers can influence the relationships developed with those in their care * With age comes experience * Older adults may have carefully planned for parenting to occur at a time when finances and relationships are stable * Size of age gap can influence the relationship when the age gap is smaller, closer relationships can develop Culture and religion: Many people are born into a culture which beliefs and customs are passed from one generation to another * Persons culture can be significant influence on nurturing and the development of parenting and caring relationships as sharing culture and belief can be a source of bonding * In the multicultural society conflict can erupt in relationships when cultural norms are different to one another * Adolescence and early adulthood can be a time when people are searching for identity, with religious exploration being a part of the process * Carers need to respect the religion and values of their dependents observant of their faith Education: * The form of education may very from formal schooling to specific courses offered at TAFE. An educated parent or carer is more likely to be aware of support services available and have the confidence to use them * If a carer is formally qualified or has significant experience in caring, the dependent will usually have a higher quality of care offered Gender: * Because of socialisation, people of different genders behave distinctly and this carries through parenting and caring roles * A child’s concept of ‘female’ and ‘male’ develops from observing parents behaviour * Demonstrating flexibility in household responsibilities linked to gender roles, reflects in less conflict and greater cooperation * Expectations of parents hold for their children will influence their interaction with them and the other gender * In caring professions such as nursing, teaching and social welf are majority are females Previous experience and upbringing: If a person comes from a positive family life and experiences this will be repeated for their own children feel more secure and valued and leading to stronger bonds * Negative experiences may lead the parent to reconsider the values from their own experience and upbringing Socioeconomic Status: * Is influenced by the income received, level of education the occupation of the parents * Some parents with high incomes are forced to work longer hours with less involvement in their children’s lives * A lower socioeconomic family enjoys low-cost recreational activities, such as bowling or camping opportunities for effective bonding and communication Media: The media pervades all aspects of life in our society, individuals are exposed to behaviours and opinions that are expressed on television, radio internet * Parenting and caring relationships may emulate interactions in relationships in the media without even realising that they are doing so * Internet websites such as Facebook and MySpace can interrupt with ‘family time’ Style of parenting: Authoritarian: * characterises a demanding and inflexible parent who usually has a preconceived goal to achieve * allow children to put little input into decisions that may affect them * this can result in the child being resentful and distant * ‘My way or the highway’ Democratic: * this style invites all family members to have a say in decisions made * children feel appreciated, especially when their ideas form part of the solution How to cite Cafs Half Yearly Notes, Essay examples

Essay Outline on Music Example For Students

Essay Outline on Music People do not choose to be influenced by music, as music is scientifically influential to the human brain. Alternate, Ion. The formative function of musical interactions within social identity. Geopolitics, History, and International Relations 3. 1 (201 1): 215+. Academic Ennoble. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. We turn to music, we need it, because of its ability to move us, to induce feelings and moods, states of mind. Burses notes that the human brain is uniquely configured to process music, and that music processing prepares, stimulates, and organizes the brain in beneficial ways. Miniaturist, David (2010), Music as Speech: A First Amendment Category unto Itself, Federal Communications Law Journal 62(3): 680. Music is an independent form of expression that functions on many levels. Music is not only a crucial tool in maintaining and developing individual autonomy, but also a force in societal and cultural change. Music is a platform from which to challenge normative cultural standards as w ell as a platform for individuals to sample and choose various musical expressions in pursuit of self-realization. In a way, the ability of music to foster individual privacy and community participation simultaneously sakes it a particularly democratic mode of speech. Ill. Music does not only have a mental draw, it also has an emotional draw which causes people to act passionately about the ideas that are instilled in them through music. Letann., Ion. The Social Functions Of Music: Articulating The Dynamic Relation Between Music And Society. Contemporary Readings In Law Social Justice 1. 2 (2009): 141-145. Academic Search Complete. Web. 14 Jan. 2013 Hobby claims that philosophy and music inspired many of Mans creations: his works include harmonically rich and chromatically ambiguous music. Hoecakes maintains that Invasions contemplates musics relationship both to language and to the moment: music is a universal language that animates the spirit indefinitely. Turing divides sound recording into high fidelity and studio audio art. Adorn points out Essay Outline on Music By Assimilate Leland, J. Rap And Race. (Cover Story). Newsweek 119. 26 (1992): 46. Masterful premier. Web. 16 Jan. 2013. With Bill Clinton attacking Sister Goulash, and Dan Equally Joining the police of America in condemning Ice-T, pop music careered into national politics last week. And it did so as a stand-in for an inconvenient topic that had been looming over the making all along: race. If the politicians werent ready to get dirty on the subject, the music sure was. While plain talk about race and our real racial divisions has been absent from the campaign, it has become the rhetorical center of pop music.